The Function of The

The Function of The The Function of â€Å"The† The Function of â€Å"The† By Mark Nichol I thought that it was intriguing, while investigating this point, the definition for the in Merriam-Webster’s online word reference is close to as long as this post and that’s for only one lot of capacities for the word, as an unmistakable article. The additionally capacities, less regularly, as a verb modifier (â€Å"I like that one the best†) and, seldom, a relational word utilized instead of per (â€Å"Those cost ten dollars the dozen†). Also, for what reason would it be a good idea for anyone to want to gaze the upward in the word reference? Isn’t it self-evident? With regards to significance, indeed, the job of the in a sentence is clear. In any case, it’s not in every case clear whether the cast of characters in the sentence must incorporate that job. Consider the sentence â€Å"I watched out over the land.† The essayist depicts studying a specific plot of land. Be that as it may, â€Å"The cost of land has gone down lately† excludes the in light of the fact that no particular plot of land is being examined; the subject is the idea of land all in all. In any case, notice that in these about indistinguishable sentences, the distinction in importance is by all accounts the converse of the distinction in the past section: â€Å"I spilled water out of the pitcher† clarifies what was poured, while â€Å"I spilled the water out of the pitcher† underlines where the water originated from. Notice, in any case, that in those models and the pair that follow, the is a marker for a subsequent reference: â€Å"I put the shoes on and strolled outside† stresses the specific pair of shoes, which probably have just been alluded to. â€Å"I put shoes on and strolled outside† points out no uncommon the shoes; the sentence just portrays the writer’s routine primer to leaving the premises. Some of the time the nearness or nonattendance or the in a sentence is unessential; the individual cited could have utilized either use: â€Å"She’ll have the strawberry cheesecake† recognizes the specific treat a burger joint wishes to be served, one either noticeable to the speaker or recorded on a menu an exacting or inferred second reference. â€Å"She’ll have strawberry cheesecake† implies something very similar with the unobtrusive contrast that the speaker isn't straightforwardly insinuating the sweet determination obvious as a cut or a reference in text. Nonetheless, on account of the pair of sentences about the shoes, the past reference might be significant; these are enchantment shoes we’re finding out about, for instance. â€Å"I put shoes on and strolled outside† probably deserts the bizarre footwear; â€Å"I put the shoes on and strolled outside† moves the plot along. The is purposely excluded in numerous sorts of use. For example, most references to nations (â€Å"Afghanistan,† â€Å"Zimbabwe†) need no distinct article, nor do references to their residents (â€Å"Afghanis,† Zimbabweans†), except if, once more, a specific subgroup is being referred to (â€Å"The Afghanis in the visit bunch kept to themselves†). Exemptions incorporate utilization of â€Å"the Netherlands† and comparative topographically affected names. A similar principle applies to names of other topographical or geopolitical highlights (â€Å"Mount Everest,† however â€Å"the Himalayas†; â€Å"Hawaii,† yet â€Å"the Hawaiian Islands†; â€Å"Lake Tahoe†, yet â€Å"the Great Salt Lake†). Strangely, scholars who might never tragically omit the before â€Å"Netherlands† or â€Å"Hawaiian Islands† oftentimes forgo going before names of associations: â€Å"March of Dimes Foundation was established in 1938.† Admittedly, a few names don't justify the unmistakable article, however they are normally self-evident (â€Å"Project Reason,† â€Å"People for the American Way†). Nonetheless, rationale should abrogate poor use. The People for the American Way Foundation, related with the association named in the last model, inaccurately self-distinguishes as â€Å"People for the American Way Foundation.† The dependable guideline is that any authoritative name finishing in a word alluding to the element (establishment, association, venture, and so forth.) requires the clear article, similarly as a nonexclusive reference, for example, â€Å"the foundation† merits it. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Grammar class, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:Arrive To versus Show up At50 Latin Phrases You Should KnowForming the Comparative of One-syllable Adjectives

Literacy Linguistic Usage

Proficiency Linguistic Usage The idea of language is an intricate one; it has been some time in the past found to be not separated from the informative circumstances and individual contrasts of speakers. The etymological talk has consequently gotten a subject of examination, and the socio-social, individual, institutional and different ramifications of language use have gone to the cutting edge of logical attention.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Literacy Linguistic Usage explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The association of language, personality, and social acts of people must be concentrated in the entire complicity of their disclosures in the general digressive embodiment. There is a lot of observational proof these days on how personality is reflected through language, and on the manners in which language becomes and irreplaceable piece of the human social practices and encounters. There are likewise discoveries on how the association among language and character can be utilized to improve language learning and getting phonetic capability. The article of Joseph (2006) sums up the primary thoughts of how language has become a helpful apparatus in both communicating one’s personality and assessing the characters of others based on their language utilization idiosyncrasies. Joseph (2006) underscores the way that language is presently utilized more in the capacity of portrayal than correspondence, and that the change gets from the social and individual assorted variety of speakers apparent these days. One increasingly valuable finding of Joseph (2006) is that the regular vision of acknowledgment of just national character in language is currently effectively discussed in light of the need to think about the individual commitment each individual makes into the phonetic use and personality development just as acknowledgment through etymological methods. The assessment about language speaking to personality in real life is shared by Lane (2009); the specialist has made this end dependent on the aftereffects of the study led with two foreigner Finnish gatherings dwelling on the region of Canada.Advertising Looking for exposition on semantics? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Their national personalities reflected through language turned out indistinguishable, yet the social practices they inferred by language use varied considerably, in this manner making them unmistakable. Hence, singular character turns into a huge part of etymological utilization designs and is reflected however emblematic traits in phonetic practices around the world. Language is additionally founded on character acknowledgment through the individual practices and encounters, both inside the language learning and utilization structure and past it. This point can be very much outlined by crafted by Darville (2009) demonstrating that genuine proficiency in language learning can be gained possibly on the off chance that when learned things can be attached to the learners’ genuine experience. It implies that education ought to be seen as training, with the language speaking to a social build that is practiced with regards to learners’ lives, recognitions, sentiments and emotions (Darville, 2009). Another finding in the field of binds the learning procedure to the students’ personality is given by Hamilton (2009) †the creator researches the job of individual instructive plans, and the job of educator as a middle person detailing the arrangement as indicated by the students’ instructive needs, aspirations, and state prerequisites. Another ground-breaking chip away at the importance of personality contemplations in language examines has been given by Atwood (2007) †it is a record of the Nunavit preparing camp in which Indigenous ladies were shown their ethnicity, conventions, customs and artworks. Simultaneously, they were shown education, wh ich was hard for educators in light of absence of confidence and comprehension of the literacy’s significance for Nunavit ladies. It got conceivable to connect with the camp members in figuring out how to compose and peruse just when the equal between their traditions and education was drawn, causing them to understand the force information could give them (Atwood, 2007). The writer at long last makes a determination that personality is a piece of individuals that characterizes their ways, and the Nunavit authentic setting of abuse and awful instructive encounters are additionally boundaries in learning hard to defeat inside knowing the historical backdrop of every specific group.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Literacy Linguistic Usage explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Finally, it is fundamental to apply the discoveries on the connections among language and personality in the functional circle of learning and educating dialects. The genuine advance forward was made by Fairbairn and Fox (2009) who laid out the significant boundaries in reading English for workers and non-residents in Canada and the USA, and denoted the backward demeanor towards their social, social and individual character taken by the North American governments. Their record shows how genuinely the qualification in comprehension and learning English is uncovered by migrants turning out to be survivors of normalized and bound together standards of learning and appraisal. The arrangement of key changes expected to reestablish the satisfactory access to English learning for non-English speakers is given based on character, social foundation, and individual peculiarities’ contemplations. This record demonstrates that character uncovers itself in communicating in one’s local language, and simultaneously in learning an unknown dialect also. The subject of learning a language being undeniably associated with social practices is sought af ter by Alderson (2006) in his review of the analytic testing type and its job in the satisfactory language testing. The creator makes the particular accentuation on the fields of information tried by indicative and different tests, making an end that the analytic test is of specific significance in language testing, giving the structure to evaluation of the manner in which understudies may apply their language information, their impression of information acquired and so forth. In view of the long time it takes to step through the examination, and absence of offices for testing at instructive foundations, the indicative test isn't well known with instructors; nonetheless, it has the most noteworthy potential in multi-faceted testing and satisfactory evaluation of information more distant from the formalistic, bound together testing types that don't uncover the genuine information on students.Advertising Searching for exposition on semantics? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Reaching an inference from the current arrangement of articles, one needs to take note of the nearby, natural relationship existing between human personality, experience and language (frequently acknowledged through human education). On discovering that relationship, scientists and professionals in the field of semantics have acquired a lot of apparatuses to survey the effect of character on language utilization, to recognize the most useful experience-based techniques for learning and appraisal. Likewise, these days education etymological use are getting social centrality, so the use of different open methods just as their decision by speakers may include a lot of helpful information for the applied phonetic research, and enhance the cutting edge vision about the examined relationship and its causes. References Alderson, J.C. (2006). Diagnosing Foreign Language Proficiency: the Interface among Assessment and Learning. London (UK): Continuum. Atwood, M. (2007). The Alphabet of Hope. Essayists for Literacy. Joined Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Darville, R. (2009). Education as works on, instructing as arrangement: A message in a jug. Proficiencies, No. 10, pp. 14-18. Fairbairn, S.B., Fox, J. (2009).Inclusive Achievement Testing for Linguistically and Culturally Diverse Test Takers: Essential Considerations for Test Developers and Decision Makers. Instructive Measurement: Issues and Practice, Spring 2009, pp. 10-24. Hamilton, M. (2009). Speaking for them: the arrangement of characters with framework objectives using Individual Learning Plans. English Educational Research Journal, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 221â€242. Joseph, J.E. (2006). Personality and Language. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 486-492. Path, P. (2009). Characters in real life: a nexus examination of personality development and language move. Visual Communication 8(4), pp. 449-468.

What Serotonin Is and How It Regulates Body Functions

What Serotonin Is and How It Regulates Body Functions Theories Biological Psychology Print How Serotonin Regulates Body Functions By Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD, is a clinical psychologist and associate professor of psychology at Eastern Connecticut State University. Learn about our editorial policy Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Block, MD on January 27, 2020 twitter linkedin Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. Learn about our Medical Review Board Daniel B. Block, MD Updated on February 10, 2020 Jamie Garbutt / Getty Images More in Theories Biological Psychology Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Serotonin (sometimes called 5-HT because of its chemical name, 5-hydroxytryptamine) is a substance that occurs naturally in your body.  As a neurotransmitter, serotonin carries signals along and between nerve cells (called neurons).  It’s found mainly in your intestines but also in your central nervous system (CNS), which includes your brain and your blood platelets. What Serotonin Does in Your Body Serotonin appears to affect and/or regulate a number of body functions, including the following. Mood You could think of serotonins effects in your brain as its “starring role” in your body. Widely known for playing a major part in regulating moods, serotonin has been called the bodys natural feel-good chemical, because its involved in your sense of well-being. Digestion Serotonin plays a role in your bowel function as well as in reducing your appetite as you eat. In addition, your intestines produce more serotonin if you eat something that’s irritating or toxic to your digestive system. The extra serotonin helps move the affected food along so it’s expelled from your body more quickly. Blood Clotting The platelet cells in your blood release serotonin when you have any kind of tissue damage, such as a cut. This results in vasoconstrictionâ€"a narrowing of the tiny arteries, or arterioles, in your circulatory systemâ€"which slows your blood flow as part of the blood-clotting process. Bone Density Studies have shown that bone density and serotonin are linkedâ€"specifically, high circulating levels of serotonin in the gut may be associated with osteoporosis. In fact, research suggests that antidepressants, specifically selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are associated with decreased bone mineral density and increased fracture risk. This isnt a reason to stop taking your SSRI, but rather, to have a conversation with your physician, especially if you have other risk factors, such as existing osteoporosis, a family history, or you smoke. Sexual Function The increase in sexual desire that can accompany alcohol intoxication is believed to be due to low serotonin levels. On the other hand, decreased sexual desire can occur in people taking medications that produce higher-than-normal serotonin levels. However, that’s only true when your serotonin level is within the normal range.  What happens when it’s low? Perhaps the best-known condition believed to be associated with low serotonin levels is depression. Not surprisingly, increasing serotonin levels with medication has become a major part of depression treatment. What Causes Low Serotonin While there’s no one cause of low serotonin levels, it’s typically one of two reasons: your body doesn’t produce enough, or your body isnt using it efficiently, which can be due to having fewer or faulty serotonin receptors or breaking down and absorbing serotonin too quickly. Nutritional and vitamin deficiencies may also play a part. Low levels of vitamin B6 and vitamin D have also been linked to low levels of serotonin. Tryptophan is an essential amino acid that must be obtained through the diet in order to produce serotonin. What Does Low Serotonin Feel Like? Medications for Depression That Affect Serotonin Depression is associated with chemical imbalances in the brain, including low levels of serotonin (among others).  Increasing the amount of serotonin in the brain appears to help brain cells communicate, which has the effect of reducing depression symptoms and improving mood. This finding is the basis for many drugs used in the treatment of clinical depression and other mood disorders. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) One group of serotonin-based medications  called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) is used to reduce the symptoms of moderate to severe depression by increasing the level of serotonin in the brain. SSRIs are the most commonly prescribed antidepressants worldwide. When your brain cells send signals, they release neurotransmitters like serotonin. To send the next signal, your cells must reabsorb and recycle the neurotransmitter they released in a process called reuptake. SSRIs help make more serotonin available in the brain by blocking that reuptake process. Examples of SSRIs include: Prozac (fluoxetine)Paxil (paroxetine)Zoloft (sertraline)Celexa (citalopram)Luvox (fluvoxamine)Lexapro (escitalopram)Viibryd (vilazodone) Viibryd is NOT just an SSRI, but also a 5HT-1a partial agonist so it is not classified as purely an SSRI Trintellix is a similar drug. Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) Another group of serotonin-based medications for treating depression are known as serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). They work similarly to SSRIs in that they block the reuptake of serotonin, but they also work on norepinephrine, another neurotransmitter implicated in mood. As such, they are sometimes referred to as “dual-acting antidepressants.” Examples of SNRIs include: Effexor (venlafaxine)Cymbalta (duloxetine)Pristiq (desvenlafaxine)Fetzima (levomilnacipran) Tricyclics (TCAs) and Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) Two older types of antidepressants, tricyclics (TCAs) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), also affect serotonin levels. However, they are prescribed less often today because their side effects are more problematic than those of SSRIs and SNRIs. TCAs appear to block the reabsorption of serotonin and epinephrine which effectively increases the amounts available in the brain. Examples of TCAs include: Elavil (amitriptyline)Norpramin (desipramine)Asendin (amoxapine)Anafranil (clomipramine)Pamelor (nortriptyline)Tofranil (imipramine)Vivactil (protriptyline)Surmontil (trimipramine)Sinequan (doxepin) MAOIs, on the other hand, block the effects of the monoamine oxidase enzyme which breaks down serotonin, epinephrine, and dopamine. By stopping the enzyme from breaking these neurotransmitters down, it effectively increases the amount available in the brain. Examples of MAOIs include: Marplan (isocarboxazid)Parnate (tranylcypromine)Nardil (phenelzine)Azilect (rasagiline)Emsam (selegiline) How to Increase Serotonin Naturally These medications aren’t the only way to increase available serotonin. In fact, there are many ways to boost your levels naturally. Your Diet Many of the foods we eat naturally contain serotonin or other key nutrients, including tryptophan, vitamin B6, vitamin D, and omega-3 fatty acids, which the body needs to produce the neurotransmitter. A few good sources include: BananasTurkeyEggsOily, fatty, fish (salmon, tuna, mackerel)  Nuts and seeds (walnuts and  flaxseed)Beans (chickpeas, kidney, pinto, black beans)Leafy greens (spinach or kale)Probiotic/fermented foods  (kefir, yogurt, tofu) Eating a high fiber diet rich in vegetables and fruit can also help. These foods will help keep your friendly gut bacteria healthy, which in turn, can help boost serotonin levels in the body. 7 Foods That Improve Mood and Fight Depression Light Exposure Insufficient exposure to sunlight has also been associated with low levels of serotonin, which is why some people experience seasonal affective disorder (SAD) during the shorter, darker days of fall and winter. While light therapy is an option (particularly in areas with little to no sunlight), you can also spend 10 to 15 minutes outside in the sunlight each day. Doing so will work double-duty: Youll also get a boost of vitamin D, which plays a key role in serotonin production. Exercise Regular exercise has been proven to boost serotonin in your brain, and some say it works just as well as serotonin-based medications. How much and which type works best? The  Department of Health and Human Services  recommends at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity cardio exercise each week plus two days of strength training exercises for all adults. Its most important that you pick something you enjoy, so youre more apt to stick with it. Best Forms of Exercise to Improve Mood Massage Massage therapy has increasingly been used in the treatment of depression. This is because massage has been found to promote the release of serotonin and decrease the stress hormone cortisol. And you might not need a professional massage to reap the benefits. In a commonly cited study of pregnant women with depression published in the International Journal of Neuroscience, two 20-minute massage sessions given by their partners increased serotonin by 28% and dopamine by 31%. Supplements Research has found that people with low serotonin also have deficiencies in some nutrients, so you might consider supplementation: Pure tryptophanSAMe (S-adenosyl-L-methionine)5-HTPSt. Johns wortProbiotics Always talk to your doctor before taking any medication, supplement, or herbal remedy to treat low serotonin. Some medications and supplements can cause your serotonin levels to get too high, which can result in serotonin syndrome, also known as serotonin toxicity. Symptoms of serotonin syndrome can range from unpleasant to life-threating. If you or a loved one experiences severe symptoms of serotonin syndrome, including sudden swings in blood pressure, seizures, or losing consciousness, call 911 or head to the emergency room.

The Security Of The Internet Of Things - 1785 Words

Introduction The topic we chose to analyze in this research paper is information systems security. More specifically, we examined the security of the Internet of Things. The Internet of Things is an ever-growing avenue of technology that is constantly improving in connectivity and user-friendly interactions. IoT is defined by Forbes writer Jacob Morgan (2014) as â€Å"the concept of basically connecting any device with an on and off switch to the Internet (and/or to each other). This [including] †¦ cell phones, coffee makers, washing machines, headphones, lamps, †¦ and almost anything else you can think of†. In other words, IoT is the glue that holds the world of technology together. Within this field we have developed a compelling thesis question. Its answer could help propel this market into the future: What can be done to improve the security of the Internet of Things in the home? This question is pivotal as the home is one of the most cherished yet vulnerable possessions a pe rson has. The IoT of any given home may contain harmless things, such as grocery lists, family photos, or calendar events, but it can also contain sensitive data that, if stolen by a hacker, could tear a household apart. This includes social security numbers, credit card numbers, and bank account information. Because this information is so important and in need of protection, the greatest possible effort must be put forward to protect it. It is virtually impossible to completely prevent hacking in allShow MoreRelatedSecurity Of The Internet Of Things1664 Words   |  7 PagesSecurity of the Internet of Things Natxo Vijande Jim Bown School of Science, Engineering and Technology Abertay University DUNDEE, DD1 1HG, UK ABSTRACT Context The forecasts point that then number of Internet of Things devices by 2020 will be around 25 billion, which is an exponential growth compared to 5 billion devices connected at this moment, while these systems are still considered weak on security measures. The reasons why security is not strong enough rely on their poor managementRead MoreInternet Of Things And The Security Cameras1459 Words   |  6 PagesInternet of Things Sajni Sapre, Sonalika Parida, Anisha Gogia Informatics USC, Los Angeles sajnisap@usc.edu, parida@usc.edu, agogia@usc.edu Abstract Internet of Things (IoT) includes objects which communicate across a variety of networks. Things in terms of Internet of Things (IoT) encompass all those devices which have the ability to sense and/or control and transfer data between other devices using existing network technologies. Some of the examples are routers, switches, security cameras, controlRead MoreInternet Of Things And The Cyber Security6553 Words   |  27 PagesABSTRACT Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging technology where absolutely â€Å"everything† (devices), are being connected to the internet in order for them to be able to communicate with each other. The internet may be the World Wide Web or any other form of connectivity used to interconnect two or more devices remotely. This is all for the benefit of mankind. Man is creating this technology and advancing it so as to benefit from it in all possible means by reducing work and taskforce and increasingRead MoreInternet Of Things : Challenges And Security2508 Words   |  11 PagesInternet of Things: Challenges and Security Srikant Reddy Duvvuru Department of Computer Engineering San Jose State University San Jose, CA-95112 Abstract -- Internet of Things is rapidly gaining popularity in the recent days. The availability of different variety of sensors and wireless technologies is responsible for the existence of the Internet of Things. The Internet of things finds a large number of applications in numerous fields such as Energy sector, Healthcare, Transportation, BusinessRead MoreThe Security Concerns That The Internet Of Things2515 Words   |  11 Pageslooks at the security concerns that the Internet of Things, or IOT carries along with it. 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Problem statement OurRead MoreSurvey Of Security On Internet Of Things ( Iot ) Essay1742 Words   |  7 Pages Survey of Security in Internet Of Things(IoT) Jacquelyn Rapose School of Computing Clemson University Clemson, USA jrapose@g.clemson.edu Abstract— The Internet of Things (IoT) is a technology that has transformed our daily lives because of its distributed and ubiquitous nature. Security and privacy issues exist with the use of the IoT and must be addressed. In this paper, I discuss some of the security challenges that the IoT architecture has to address. I also compare the challenges that wereRead MoreLiterature Review On Security Of Internet Of Things1519 Words   |  7 PagesLiterature Review on security of Internet of Things Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, College of Engineering, Pune, India Abstract The concept of the internet of things is that every physical of object in the real world has a virtual component on the internet that can produce and consume services .Such super connected objects would be of great convivences but they would require novel approaches to ensure security and ethical uses. While internet of things is more than conceptRead MoreSecurity : Smart Homes Using Internet Of Things2253 Words   |  10 Pages SECURITY: SMART HOMES USING INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT) Rugved Amrutkar 8th Semester students, Dept. of Computer Engineering Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering, Pune-41, India 1rugved.a6195@gmail.com Sanket Vikharankar 8th Semester students, Dept. of Computer Engineering Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering, Pune-41, India 2vikharankar.sanket@gmail.com Lochan Ahire 8th Semester students, Dept. of Computer Engineering Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering, Pune-41, India 3lochanahire@gmailRead MoreThe New Concept Of The Internet Of Things ( Iot ) And Iot Security1488 Words   |  6 Pagesviruses and other malicious software have caused major issues for individuals and organizations. Computer hackers have become so ingenious at spreading viruses and destructive malware that they can track almost all activity the computer via the internet. Therefore, computer or intrusion detection software and tools are required to prevent computer criminals from spreading viruses that intrude and wreak havoc on our personal computers and our professional industries and organizations. This paper

Personal Statement For Drive Wild - 939 Words

Author Statement for Drive Wild I created â€Å"Drive Wild† to advertise the 2016 Ford Focus Electric. I took into consideration lighting, media type, audience, color, imagery, composition, and text in an attempt to promote potential consumers to buy the vehicle. I also kept in mind the common theme of the environment that most electric vehicle advertisements use to persuade the consumers while creating my advertisement. I created â€Å"Drive Wild† with the use of Photoshop. I knew the program would help me achieve my desired look because of the variety of functions it offers over Microsoft Word. I used Photoshop’s capabilities of photo manipulation to integrate multiple images to create my own single image in an attempt to persuade viewers to invest in a Ford Focus Electric. Making the single images seem like they belonged together within the composition proved to be challenging. However, it was necessary in order to get the look I desired. One of the toughest part about getting the look I desired, besides making it look like one image, was the lighting. I knew without proper lighting to integrate the single images into a unified whole the advertisement would look fake and cheap. I wanted to avoid the advertisement looking like this because of the low quality advertisements suggest a low quality product. Cheap looking advertisements reduce the Ethos, which I wanted to avoid. Advertisements are based on the visual aspects and without visual interest the ad is less persuasive to theShow MoreRelatedEssay On The Journey To The Brothers Sara Tolsgaard904 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Essay on The Journey to the Brothers’ Farm A short story written by Pippa Gough To find your personal fortune and real values in life you have to search. Many people have an idea that the outer values is the right and perfect values to all people. 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Through this course, I have been able to develop and unify my ideas in a cohesive manner to show expansion on claims and arguments I presented, which will be an important and valued skill throughout my life. The thesis statement is the heart of the essay; without a strong, well-driven core the paper will not function. Thesis statements tell the reader what the essay is about and provides control. When you have a weak thesis statement your paper lacks directionRead More Quentins Passion and Desire in The Sound and the Fury Essay1704 Words   |  7 Pagesassociated with his sister, become erotic; the tiers of description, no matter how seemingly mundane, tend to be steeped in sexuality. Quentins lapse into past events with Caddy begins in the midst of typical conversation with his friends as they drive through town. His attention to reality is shattered by an unconscious slip into thoughts of his sister. 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Toefl Free Essays

string(38) " OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE\." 400 Must-Have Words for the TOEFL ® will help you improve your score on the TOEFL test. In particular, this book will build your TOEFL vocabulary for the new Internet-based TOEFL of 2005. This book is designed for ease of use as a self-study guide. We will write a custom essay sample on Toefl or any similar topic only for you Order Now Its chapters were written for easy completion in one sitting—about 25 minutes. 400 Must-Have Words is also highly effective in the TOEFL-prep classroom. Each chapter begins with a list of 10 target words. These words are defined and used in sample sentences.Usage tips are given for many words, as are any commonly used parts of speech related to the target word. Following these definitions, the words are practiced in three exercises. TOEFL Prep I and TOEFL Prep II give straightforward practice in a variety of easy exercise styles. The last exercise,TOEFL Success, includes a TOEFLstyle reading followed by one or two authentic TOEFL-style questions. Most TOEFL Success readings incorporate all 10 target words, and most also include an additional bonus structure. Each chapter ends with an answer key so you can check your work.As an extra feature, this book includes a special front section called â€Å"Six Quick Hints for Success on the TOEFL ®. † These hints give general test-taking advice for TOEFL success. This book was written by ELT professionals who help prepare students for the TOEFL test. Their selection of words for this book was based on extensive experience with the TOEFL test, information about the corpus (body of words) that is used in creating the actual TOEFL test, and TOEFL materials published by ETS, the creators of the TOEFL test. 400 Must-Have Words for the TOEFL ® is the best book on the market to improve your vocabulary for the TOEFL test.Copyright  © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. This page intentionally left blank. Six Quick Hints for Success on the TOEFL ® 1. Try to understand a reading or lecture as a whole. Unlike earlier versions of the TOEFL, the new version tests whether you can see how ideas interact in a longer reading. 2. Take notes. Especially in the listening section, you will need notes to remember what you have heard. Note-taking will also help you concentrate. You can practice by taking notes of news stories, documentaries, or lectures. 3.Study grammar in context, not by itself. Unlike earlier versions of the TOEFL, the new version has no grammar section. Your knowledge of grammar is useful in helping you understand the readings and lectures, not in answering grammar-specific questions. 4. Practice writing essays that express your opinion on a topic. The writing section of the 2005 TOEFL includes questions asking for your opinion on various daily topics. These are timed. Practice writing under a time limit, shaping your thoughts into a well-rounded essay. 5. Build up your academic vocabulary.Your ability to comprehend reading passages rests largely on your academic vocabulary. Build your vocabulary by reading, making flash cards, and writing sentences using new words in context. A strong vocabulary will help you not only in your reading comprehension, but also in listening, writing, and speaking. 6. Commit your attention to the test. Some of the topics covered in the test may not actually interest you. Still, your focused energy will improve your test score. Agree with yourself not to think about other topics during the test. Force yourself to keep your attention on the tested material.Copyright  © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. This page intentionally left blank. 400 Must-Have Words for the TOEFL ® This page intentionally left blank. This page intentionally left blank. 400 Must-Have Words for the TOEFL ® LYNN STAFFORD-YILMAZ LAWRENCE J. ZWIER MCGRAW-HILL New York Chicago San Francisco †¢ Lisbon London †¢ Madrid †¢ Mexico City †¢ Milan †¢ New Delhi San Juan †¢ Seoul †¢ Singapore †¢ Sydney †¢ Toronto †¢ †¢ Copyright  © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America.Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-146707-6 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-144328-2. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark.Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at george_hoare@mcgraw-hill. com or (212) 904-4069. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (â€Å"McGraw-Hill†) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms.Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior consent. You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited. Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms. THE WORK IS PROVIDED â€Å"AS IS. McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. You read "Toefl" in category "Papers" McGraw-Hill and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free.Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom. McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of an y information accessed through the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise. DOI: 10. 1036/0071467076 Want to learn more? We hope you enjoy this McGraw-Hill eBook! If you’d like more information about this book, its author, or related books and websites, please click here. This book is dedicated to my late father, Richard J. Zwier, an intelligent, unselfish man. And to my dear friend Sepideh Farsai, who developed a keen command of both the vocabulary and idioms of English. This page intentionally left blank.   Usage tips Aggregate is often followed by a term like sum, total, or numbers. Parts of speech aggregate v, aggregate n Copyright  © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. 4 Nature 4. cultivation n. Preparing the land to grow crops; improvement for agricultural purposes With the development of land cultivation, hunters and gatherers were able to settle in one place. Parts of speech cultivate v 5. fertilize v. To supply with nourishment for plants by adding helpful substances to the soil This farm fertilizes tomatoes more than any other crop. Parts of speech fertilizer n, fertilization n 6. ntensify v. To increase in power; to act with increased strength Jacob’s long absence intensified his certainty that he should marry Rose. Parts of speech intensification n, intense adj 7. irrigation n. The supplying of water to dry land In dry areas of the country, you can see ditches all over the farmland for irrigation. Parts of speech irrigate v 8. obtain v. To gain possession of; to get After a series of difficult interviews, he finally was able to obtain the job. 9. photosynthesis n. The process by which green plants make their own food by combining water, salts, and carbon dioxide in the presence of light. Oxygen is a by-product of the process of photosynthesis. Parts of speech photosynthesize v 10. precipitation n. Water that falls to the Earth’s surface In the Pacific Northwest, the high level of precipitation ensures rich, green plant life. Food Crops 5 TOEFL Prep I Complete each sentence by filling in the blank with the best word from the list. Change the form of the word if necessary. Use each word only once. abandoned precipitation cultivation fertilize photosynthesis 1. Through __________, green plants create organic materials with the help of chlorophyll. 2.The coastal city gets half of its __________ during the months of January, February, and March. 3. Farmers use various methods of land __________. 4. When they heard the hull crack, all but two of the sailors __________ ship. 5. Inexperienced gardeners may not realize how important it is that they __________ their plants. TOEFL Prep II Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the opposite of each word in the left-hand column. Write the letter in the blank. 1. obtain 2. intensify 3. irrigation 4. aggregate 5. adversely (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) weaken separate lose drainage positivelyTOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you have learned. Answer the questions that follow. In countries like Niger and Mauritania, the cultivation of land has changed little in the past several centuries. Additionally, these countries’ mono-modal rainfall pattern brings precipitation for only three months during the year. As a result, food production doesn’t nearly meet demand. Bonus Structure— As a result means â€Å"therefore,† â€Å"for this reason. † 6 Nature Several agencies and organizations have intensified their efforts to increase the productivity of land in these countries.They have introduced new strains of seed, improved irrigation techniques, and introduced new methods of fertilization and soil management. With ample sunlight for photosynthesis and modern irrigation techniques, sustainable farming techniques should allow farmers to boost aggregate production in order to meet demand. Still, crop revitalization faces an unexpected adversary: institutional incompetence. Where crop specialists have convinced individual farmers to abandon old farming techniques in place of new, they can’t readily obtain the governmental cooperation they need. The biggest hurdles are political corruption, incompetence, and the absence of a marketing infrastructure. 1. In this passage, the word adversary is closest in meaning to a. b. c. d. friend helper enemy leader 2. In the last paragraph, the word they refers to a. b. c. d. crop specialists farmers farming techniques adversaries Lesson 1 Food Crops TOEFL Prep I 1. photosynthesis 2. precipitation 3. cultivation 4. abandoned 5. fertilize TOEFL Prep II 1. c 2. a 3. d 4. b 5. e TOEFL Success 1. c 2. a LESSON 2 Disaster Target Words 1. anticipate 2. catastrophic 3. collide 4. ruption 5. famine 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. flood impact persevere plunge unleash Definitions and Samples 1. anticipate v. To expect; to sense something before it happens By placing sensors in earthquake-prone areas, scientists can anticipate some tremors in time to warn the public. Parts of speech anticipation n, anticipatory adj 2. catastrophic adj. Extremely harmful; causing financial or physical ruin The architect died in a catastrophic elevator accident. Parts of speech catastrophe n, catastrophically adv 3. collide v. To come together with great or violent forceAs usual, their holiday was ruined when their in-laws’ views on politics collided with their own. Parts of speech collision n Copyright  © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. 8 Nature 4. eruption n. A sudden, often violent, outburst The eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980 caused 57 deaths and immeasurable change to the face of the mountain. Usage tips Eruption is often followed by an of phrase. Parts of speech erupt v 5. famine n. Severe hunger; a drastic food shortage The potato famine in Ireland in the mid-nineteenth century caused large numbers of Irish people to emigrate to America. . flood n. An overflowing of water; an excessive amount The constant rain and poor drainage system caused a flood in town. The political party sent out a flood of letters criticizing their opponents. Parts of speech flood v 7. impact n. A strong influence The speech about the importance of education made an impact on me. Usage tips Impact is usually followed by on or of. Parts of speech impact v 8. persevere v. To keep going, despite obstacles or discouragement; to maintain a purpose The hikers persevered despite the bad weather and the icy trail. Parts of speech persist v, persistent adj 9. plunge v.To go down suddenly; to decrease by a great amount in a short time He jumped off the diving board and plunged into the pool. The value of the company’s stock plunged after its chief executive was arrested. Disaster 9 Usage tips Plunge is often followed by an into phrase. Parts of speech plunge n 10. unleash v. To release a thing or an emotion When they saw the strange man on their property, they unleashed their dogs. He is from such an unemotional family, he will never learn to unleash his feelings. TOEFL Prep I Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the opposite of each word in the left-hand column.Write the letter in the blank. 1. persevere 2. anticipate 3. famine 4. collide 5. catastrophic (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) to pass by without hitting to give up to not see something coming harmless excess of food TOEFL Prep II Circle the word that best completes each sentence. 1. Residents of Hawaii must accept the possibility of a volcanic (eruption / perseverance). 2. Years after the accident, she was finally able to (anticipate / unleash) her feelings of anger. 3. Houses along the river often face (famine / flooding) during the rainy season. 4. Many people think it is cruel to (collide / plunge) live lobsters into boiling water. . A well-written essay should make some kind of (catastrophe / impact) on its readers. 10 Nature TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you have learned. Answer the questions that follow. Nature challenges humans in many ways, through disease, weather, and famine. For those living along the coast, one unusual phenomenon capable of catastrophic destruction is the tsunami (pronounced â€Å"tsoo-NAH-mee†). A tsunami is a series of waves generated in a body of water by an impulsive disturbance. Earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, explosions, and even the impact of meteorites can generate tsunamis.Starting at sea, a tsunami slowly approaches land, growing in height and losing energy through bottom friction and turbulence. Still, just like any other water waves, tsunamis unleash tremendous energy as they plunge onto the shore. They have great erosion potential, stripping beaches of sand, undermining trees, and flooding hundreds of meters inland. They can easily crush cars, homes, vegetation, and anything they collide with. To minimize the devastation of a tsunami, scientists are constantly trying to anticipate them more accurately and more quickly.Because many factors come together to produce a life-threatening Bonus Structure— tsunami, foreseeing them is not easy. Despite this, researchers Despite this in meteorology persevere in studying and predicting tsunami means â€Å"even so; regardless. † behavior. 1. Which sentence best expresses the essential information of this passage? a. Tsunamis could become a new source of usable energy in the next hundred years. b. Tsunamis do more damage to the land than flooding. c. Tsunamis can have an especially catastrophic impact on coastal communities. d. Scientists an predict and track tsunamis with a fair degree of accuracy, reducing their potential impact. 2. In the first sentence, why does the author mention weather? a. b. c. d. because tsunamis are caused by bad weather because tsunamis are more destructive than weather phenomena as an example of a destructive natural force as an introduction to the topic of coastal storms Disaster 11 Lesson 2 Disaster TOEFL Prep I 1. b 2. c 3. e 4. a 5. d TOEFL Prep II 1. eruption 2. unleash 3. flooding 4. plunge 5. impact TOEFL Success 1. c 2. c LESSON 3 Evolution and Migration Target Words 1. dapt 2. diverse 3. evolve 4. feature 5. generation 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. inherent migration physical process survive Definitions and Samples 1. adapt v. To adjust to the circumstances; to make suitable Dinosaurs could not adapt to the warmer temperatures. The teacher adapted the exercises for his more advanced students. Usage tips Adapt is often followed by to. Parts of speech adaptation n, adapter n, adaptable adj 2. diverse n. Various; showing a lot of differences within a group India is one of the most linguistically diverse countries in the world. Usage tips An -ly adverb (e. g. linguistically) often comes before diverse. Parts of speech diversify v, diversity n, diversification n 3. evolve v. To develop; to come forth Modern-day sharks evolved from their ancestor Eryops, which lived more than 200 million years ago. Copyright  © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. Evolution and Migration 13 Usage tips Evolve is often followed by into or from. Parts of speech evolution n, evolutionist n 4. feature n. Part, characteristic The best feature of this car is its heated seats. Usage tips Feature is often followed by of. Parts of speech feature v 5. eneration n. A group of people born at about the same time As older managers retired, a new generation of leaders took control of the company. Usage tips Before generation, an adjective like new, next, earlier, or older is common. Generation is often followed by of. Parts of speech generational adj 6. inherent adj. Naturally characteristic; always found within something, because it’s a basic part of that thing No job can be interesting all the time. Boredom is inherent in any kind of work. Usage tips Inherent is often followed by in. Parts of speech inherently adv 7. migration n.Movement from one place to another by a group of people or animals The migration of farm workers from one state to the next depends primarily on the harvest. Usage tips Migration is often followed by to or from. Parts of speech migrate v, migrant n, migratory adj 8. physical adj. Related to the body; related to materials that can be seen or felt Because of the shape of its throat, an ape does not have the physical ability to speak. 14 Nature The mountains form a physical barrier between the west and the east. Usage tips Physical usually comes before the noun it describes. Parts of speech physically adv 9. process n. A series of steps leading to a result To get a good job, most people go through a long process of letterwriting and interviews. Usage tips Process is often followed by of plus the -ing form of a verb. Parts of speech proceed v, process v 10. survive v. To continue living (despite some danger or illness) After getting lost in the mountains, Gordon survived by eating wild plants and catching fish. Usage tips Survive is often followed by a phrase with by. Parts of speech survivor n, survival n TOEFL Prep I Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the opposite of each word in the left-hand column. Write the letter in the blank. 1. physical 2. migration 3. adapt 4. inherent 5. survive (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) not an integral part stay the same die staying in one place mental TOEFL Prep II Choose the word from the list that is closest in meaning to the underlined part of each sentence. Write it in the blank. Evolution and Migration 15 diverse evolved generation process survive _______________1. Various languages are spoken on the Indian subcontinent. _______________2. Making bread involves a sequence of steps that takes about three hours. _______________3.Few sea turtles manage to live through their first year of life. _______________4. This age group tends to support current educational policies. _______________5. Her thinking about economics has changed slowly in the last several months. TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you have learned. Answer the questions that follow. The migration from Asia to North America across the Bering Strait (perhaps by land bridge) was a monumental event in human history. The process of overspreading the Americas took more than 1,000 years, or 30 generations.This might seem to confirm common sense—that slow travel was inherent in any great migration without wheeled vehicles across unknown terrain. Further thought shows Bonus Structure— that this process was remarkably fast—about 10 north- Further thought south miles per year, on average. The Americas were means â€Å"looking deeper; thinking populated at an astounding pace, when one considers more. † the physical limits of the human body and the physical features of the American continents. Legs of humans can move only so fast under the best of circumstances, and they work even slower over mountain passes or deserts.Populations spread through the diverse regions of the Americas (grasslands, eastern forests, coastal swamps) and needed to adapt to their new environments. The migrants’ lifestyle had evolved over the years to that of professional nomads ensuring that they would find the resources needed to survive. 16 Nature 1. Which sentence best expresses the essential information in this passage? a. Human migration across the Bering Strait was remarkably slow. b. Physical limitations made migration across the Bering Strait almost impossible. c. Humans readily adapted to life in the Bering Strait. d.The migration through the Americas was surprisingly fast. 2. In this passage, the word monumental is closest in meaning to a. b. c. d. disastrous evolving important physical Lesson 3 Evolution and Migration TOEFL Prep I 1. e 2. d 3. b 4. a 5. c TOEFL Prep II 1. diverse 2. process 3. survive 4. generation 5. evolved TOEFL Success 1. a 2. c LESSON 4 Petroleum Alternatives Target Words 1. constraint 2. contamination 3. deplete 4. dispose of 5. elementally 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. emission extinction reservoir shrink stable Definitions and Samples 1. constraint n. Something that restricts thought or actionThe constraints of military life kept Eileen from seeing Private Morris more than once a month. Parts of speech constrain v 2. contamination n. Being made less clean by a germ or hazardous substance The contamination in the river came from the factory located just upstream. Parts of speech contaminate v, contaminant n 3. deplete v. To greatly decrease the supply of a resource or material The prolonged war depleted the country’s national treasury. Parts of speech depletion n Copyright  © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. 18 Nature 4. dispose of v. To throw away; to get rid of; to killShe disposed of her unwanted possessions before moving. The tyrant cruelly disposed of all his enemies. Usage tips Dispose of should be learned as a unit. In this meaning, dispose does not occur without of. Parts of speech disposal n, disposable adj 5. elementally adv. In terms of elements; basically Elementally, coal and diamonds are the same. Parts of speech element n, elemental adj 6. emission n. Sending out from a small space into the general environment; a substance discharged into the air The Environmental Protection Agency regulates the emission of pollutants into the air.Usage tips Emission is usually followed by an of phrase. Parts of speech emit v 7. extinction n. Complete disappearance; the end of existence Human beings have caused the extinction of many other species. Usage tips Extinction implies an absolute end; an extinct thing cannot be brought back into existence. Parts of speech extinct adj 8. reservoir n. A place where a liquid is collected and stored Cult members threatened to poison the town’s water reservoir. Parts of speech reserve v 9. shrink v. To become reduced in size, amount, or value If you dry your clothing on the â€Å"high heat† setting, they may shrink.Parts of speech shrinkage n, shrinkable adj Petroleum Alternatives 10. stable adj. Firm and dependable; showing little change He fell because the ladder wasn’t stable. 19 Parts of speech stability n, stably adv TOEFL Prep I Find the word that is closest in meaning to the opposite of each word in the left-hand column. Write the letter in the blank. 1. stable 2. contamination 3. extinct 4. dispose of 5. shrink (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) keep expand unsteady existing purity TOEFL Prep II Circle the word that best completes each sentence. 1. The (constraints / contamination) of being in prison made her hate society even more. 2.A recognition that the Earth is round was one of the (elemental / shrunken) advances in thought during the time period. 3. Mother Teresa, who helped the poorest of the poor, had a great (disposal / reservoir) of love within her spirit. 4. Automobiles are responsible for some (emissions / extinction) of greenhouse gases. 5. By the end of the storm, the hikers had (depleted / reserved) even their emergency stores. TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you have learned. Answer the question that follows. Human consumption of fossil fuels is expected to fully deplete the Earth’s crude oil reserves by the year 2060.As underground reservoirs of oil continue to shrink, we have no choice but to find alternatives. One promising source, with much cleaner emissions, is called bio-diesel. Bio- Bonus Structure— One promising source signals the point of this paragraph. 20 Nature diesel is often made from soybean oil, although it can be made from any vegetable oil that is not elementally different from soy. Bio-diesel can even be made from used cooking oils that homes or restaurants would otherwise dispose of. Bio-diesel can be used without constraint in any vehicle that runs on diesel—no modifications are needed.Presently, diesel engines can take up to 20 percent soy in their soy-diesel blend. As the need for bio-diesel increases and the technology improves, we may soon witness the extinction of the fossil-fueled vehicle. This is good news for the planet, as bio-diesel is a more stable source of energy than petroleum, and it reduces contamination of our air and water. An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the three answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. In each blank, write the letter of one of your choices.Bio-diesel is a promising alternative to fossil fuels. †¢ †¢ †¢ a. Humans have shown little self-restraint in their consumption of fossil fuels. b. Underground reservoirs of oil will soon be depleted. c. Bio-diesel burns cleaner than fossil fuels. d. Bio-diesel comes from a more stable source than petroleum. e. Restaurants can save disposal fees on used cooking oil. Lesson 4 Petroleum Alternatives TOEFL Prep I 1. c 2. e 3. d 4. a 5. b TOEFL Prep II 1. constraint 2. elemental 3. reservoir 4. emission 5. deplete TOEFL Success a, c, d Science Copyright  © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.This page intentionally left blank. LESSON 5 Time Efficiency Target Words 1. adjust 2. arbitrary 3. denominator 4. exponentially 5. infinitesimal 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. maximize parallel proportion rate sequence Definitions and Samples 1. adjust v. To change; to get accustomed to something Travelers are advised to adjust their watches before arriving in the new time zone. Parts of speech adjustment n, adjustable adj 2. arbitrary adj. Chosen simply by whim or chance, not for any specific reason The decision to build a school in Blackberry Township was arbitrary, without any thought to future housing patterns. Parts of speech arbitrate v, arbitrator n, arbitrarily adv 3. denominator n. The number written below the line in a fraction In the fraction 1? 2, the number 2 is the denominator. Usage tips The phrase lowest common denominator means â€Å"the most basic and unsophisticated things that most people share. † Parts of speech denominate v, denomination n, denominational adj Copyright  © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. 24 Science 4. exponentially adv. At a very fast rate In Turkey, the value of the lira has decreased exponentially in the last several decades.Usage tips Exponentially is taken from mathematics, where an exponent is a number indicating how many times something is multiplied by itself. For example, 43 contains the exponent â€Å"3,† indicating 4 ? 4 ? 4. Parts of speech exponent n, exponential adj 5. infinitesimal adj. Immeasurably small The number of contaminants in the water was infinitesimal, so the water was safe to drink. Parts of speech infinitesimally adv 6. maximize v. To increase or make as great as possible A coach helps each athlete maximize his or her potential. Parts of speech maximum n, maximum adj 7. parallel adj. Being an equal distance apart everywhereThe street where I live runs parallel to the main road through town. Usage tips Parallel is often followed by to. Parts of speech parallel n, parallel adv 8. proportion n. A part in relation to the whole The average employee spends a large proportion of each workday answering e-mails. Usage tips Proportion is often followed by of. Parts of speech proportionate adj, proportionally adv 9. rate n. The cost per unit of a good or service; the motion or change that happens in a certain time. Postal rates in Japan are among the highest in the world. Time Efficiency Some grasses grow at the rate of one inch per day. 5 Parts of speech rate v, rating n 10. sequence v. To organize or arrange in succession Volunteers have been asked to sequence the files and organize the boxes. Parts of speech sequence n, sequentially adv TOEFL Prep I Complete each sentence by filling in the blank with the best word from the list. Change the form of the word if necessary. Use each word only once. adjust arbitrary denominator infinitesimal rate 1. Students felt that the exam was unfair and the grading system was rather __________. 2. The __________ of increase in prices made it difficult for people to afford basic goods. 3.Politicians promised great changes in the coming year, but any improvement in people’s lives was __________. 4. She quickly overcame her culture shock and found it easy to __________ to the new country. 5. You can add two fractions that have the same __________. TOEFL Prep II Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the opposite of each word in the left-hand column. Write the letter in the blank. 1. arbitrary 2. maximize 3. sequence 4. infinitesimal 5. parallel (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) mix up intersecting minimize huge planned out 26 Science TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you ave learned. Answer the questions that follow. Time is, as we all know, money. Such valuation of time leads people to extreme efforts to maximize their use of time. Some people obsess over knowing the exact time. They buy clocks and watches that automatically adjust themselves over the Internet or by radio Bonus Structure— As we all know waves. These measurements allow them infinitesimal accuracy is a writer’s device in dealing with time. Regardless of how one tracks time, most for appealing to people share a common goal: They want to use time common knowledge. effectively.Since about 1982, this efficiency has increased exponentially each year, thanks to computers and their ability to multitask. In multitasking, a computer executes several different tasks in parallel. Rather than being set arbitrarily, each task is given a priority in the computer’s operating system, and time is spent in proportion to the priority of the task. The computer executes different sequences of tasks at different clock cycles, thereby increasing the rate of output from a process. 1. Why does the author mention computer multitasking in this article? a. b. c. d. ecause it is new because it measures time better than any clock because it helps people to arrange their activities sequentially because it is a good example of the efficient use of time 2. The underlined word sequences in the passage is closest in meaning to a. b. c. d. styles lengths orderings difficulty levels Lesson 5 Time Efficiency TOEFL Prep I 1. arbitrary 2. rate 3. infinitesimal 4. adjust 5. denominator TOEFL Prep II 1. e 2. c 3. a 4. d 5. b TOEFL Success 1. d 2. c LESSON 6 Ancient Life Target Words 1. accuracy 2. adjacent 3. compress 4. feasibly 5. gut 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. ntegrally overlap retain seep structure Definitions and Samples 1. accuracy n. Precision; exactness The research department checks all our articles for accuracy of facts before we print them. Usage tips Accuracy is often followed by of. Parts of speech accurate adj, accurately adv 2. adjacent adj. Next to Even though the villages are adjacent to each other, their residents speak different languages. Usage tips Adjacent is often followed by to. Parts of speech adjacency n 3. compress v. To press together To make the foundation stronger, they compressed the soil before pouring the concrete.Parts of speech compression n, compressed adj Copyright  © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. 28 Science 4. feasibly adv. Practically; in a way that can work Scientists can’t feasibly bring energy from deep ocean currents to where it is needed—on land. Parts of speech feasibility n, feasible adj 5. gut v. To empty or hollow out In order to remodel the house, we must first gut it and throw away all the old fixtures. Usage tips Gut also means â€Å"the stomach of an animal†; this verb makes an image, that the inside of a building is like the inside of an animal.Parts of speech gut n, gutted adj 6. integrally adv. In a whole or complete manner Writing and spelling are taught integrally as part of the reading program. Parts of speech integrate v, integrity n, integral n, integral adj 7. overlap v. To lie over part of something; to have elements in common One of the two assistants will likely get fired, since most of their duties in the office overlap. Parts of speech overlap n 8. retain v. To keep or hold The rain fell so heavily that the banks of the river could not retain all the water. Parts of speech retainer n, retention n 9. seep v.To pass slowly for a long time, as a liquid or gas might As the containers rusted, the toxic waste seeped into the ground. Usage tips Seep is often followed by into or through. Ancient Life 10. structure n. Something constructed, such as a building 29 Most companies have a social structure that can’t be understood by outsiders. Parts of speech structure v, structural adj, structurally adv TOEFL Prep I Complete each sentence by filling in the blank with the best word from the list. Change the form of the word if necessary. Use each word only once. accuracy adjacent feasibly integrally structure 1.She had no idea how they could __________ take a big vacation and remodel their house in the same year. 2. Daily meditation is used __________ with medication and massage as part of the recovery plan. 3. The rival politicians were raised in __________ counties. 4. If you build a __________ next to this river, you must be sure it is safe against floods. 5. Once he ran for public office, he understood the importance of checking public statements for __________. TOEFL Prep II Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the opposite of each word in the left-hand column. Write the letter in the blank. . seep 2. gut 3. retain 4. compress 5. overlap (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) fill separate stay contained loosen throw away TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you have learned. Answer the questions that follow. 30 Science Organic products from ancient life are an integral part of the Earth’s resources, offering scientists a more accurate picture of ancient life-forms. One key to ancient life comes in the form of petrified matter. Petrifaction is a process that slowly turns the remains of a living object into stone. In this process, minerals seep into a mass of organic matter.After the organic matter has been replaced, a mineral version of the living object is left. Petrifaction often occurs in trees that are found adjacent to rivers, floodable areas, and volcanoes, which provide the mud or ash that initially covers the organic matter. Some pieces of petrified wood retain the original cellular structure of the wood and the grain can be easily Bonus Structure— seen. Today, it is feasible to petrify wood in a simple In this context, laboratory process. today means â€Å"at present; at this time Fossils are another way that ancient life is preserved. in history. Most fossils include an animal’s hard parts, such as teeth and bones. One type of fossil, called a trace fossil, may also include eggs, tooth marks, contents of the guts, and fossil excrement. Some products from ancient life offer us more than scientific knowledge. One such product is coal, a solid fuel of plant origin. It develops over millions of years, during which swamp vegetation is submerged in water, depleted of oxygen, and covered by layers and layers of sand and mud. These overlapping layers settle with the Earth’s movements and are compressed over time. 1. Which sentence best expresses the essential information of this passage? . Preserved life-forms, including petrified matter and fossils, teach us about ancient life. b. The primary function for preserved life-forms is scientific discovery. c. Scientists try to replicate natural processes that preserve ancient life-forms. d. Ancient organic matter provides the most concentrated forms of energy known to humans. 2. In the passage, the words submerged in are closest in meaning to a. b. c. d. made wet completely covered adjacent to depleted of Ancient Life 31 Lesson 6 Ancient Life TOEFL Prep I 1. feasibly 2. integrally 3. adjacent 4. structure 5. accuracy TOEFL Prep II 1. c 2. a 3. e 4. d 5. TOEFL Success 1. a 2. b LESSON 7 Computers Target Words 1. circulate 2. corrode 3. derive 4. detection 5. expeditiously 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. implement innovative installation maintenance simulation Definitions and Samples 1. circulate v. To move throughout an area or group; to move along a somewhat circular route The gossip circulated quickly through the small town. Blood circulates more quickly during physical exercise. Usage tips Circulate is often followed by through. Parts of speech circulation n 2. corrode v. To be slowly weakened by chemical reactions Sitting in salt water, the old coins corroded and became very easy to break.Usage tips A familiar kind of corrosion produces rust, the reddish coating on iron or steel that has been exposed to air and water. Parts of speech corrosion n Copyright  © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. Computers 3. derive v. To come from, usually through a long, slow process The Cyrillic alphabet was derived from the Greek alphabet. 33 Usage tips Derive is often followed by from. Parts of speech derivation n, derivative adj 4. detection n. Discovering something that cannot easily be found With new medical technology, the detection of cancer is much easier nowadays.Usage tips Detection is often followed by an of phrase. Parts of speech detect v, detectable adj 5. expeditiously adv. Quickly and efficiently Using carrier pigeons, the military commanders exchanged messages expeditiously. Parts of speech expedite v, expedition n, expeditious adj 6. implement v. To make use of; to carry out Not until after the new software was installed could we implement the new filing system. Parts of speech implement n, implementation n 7. innovative adj. Ahead of the times; novel The innovative use of props and lighting drew many favorable comments. Parts of speech innovation n 8. installation n. Setting something into position for use Installation of the new software takes only four minutes. Parts of speech install v 9. maintenance n. The act of keeping something in good condition The only problem with living in such a big house is that it requires a lot of maintenance. Parts of speech maintain v 34 Science 10. simulation n. An imitation or representation To test car safety, automobile makers study crash simulations. Parts of speech simulate v, simulator n TOEFL Prep I Circle the most likely meaning of the word part that is shared within each set of words. 1. circulate, circumnavigate, circuitThe root circ / circum probably means a. b. c. d. around broken fair straight 2. innovative, novel, renovate The root nov probably means a. b. c. d. clear old new sweet 3. installation, implement, imprison The prefix in-/im- probably means a. b. c. d. aside behind in out TOEFL Prep II Circle the word that best completes each sentence. 1. Please make sure this information (circulates / derives) throughout the office quickly. 2. The (installation / simulation) of the new telephones took three days. 3. In order to stay on schedule, we need to complete this project as (expeditiously / innovatively) as possible. Computers 35 . The smuggler moved cautiously through the airport to avoid (detection / maintenance). 5. Years of neglect had caused the building’s water pipes to (corrode / implement). TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you have learned. Answer the questions that follow. As dependence on computers increases, so does the need for technical support. From installation of software to detection of viruses, computers require constant vigilance. Most larger companies find it most expeditious to maintain in-house computer staff. Many smaller companies, however, can’t fund their own full-time, in-house technical help.Instead, many of them assign the task of computer maintenance to a current employee who may not have any formal training. Rather, these â€Å"computer buffs† have derived their skills through practice and self-training. These selfappointed tech specialists, however, often cannot solve bigger problems. What’s more, they may see their office relations corrode when they are swamped with basic user questions that they simply don’t have time to address. For these reasons, many small companies choose to employ a freelance technical assistant who circulates among clients on an as-needed basis.With their professional training, these consultants may propose innovative solutions to users’ unique needs, which could vary from tracking inventory to simulating mechanized processes. They can implement new programs, train personnel, and escape the workplace before being asked,â€Å"How can I cut this file and paste it somewhere else? † 1. Which sentence best expresses the essential information of this passage? a. Larger companies are better off using freelance technical consultants. b. Computer maintenance and troubleshooting cuts into employee productivity. c.Self-trained technical support personnel are often as effective as trained professionals. d. Smaller companies may benefit from hiring occasional technical support. 36 Science 2. The article implies that the question How do I cut and paste a file? is a. b. c. d. too basic to require professional attention a good question to give to in-house tech support appropriate for a freelancer to address a good topic for a training program Lesson 7 Computers TOEFL Prep I 1. a 2. c 3. c TOEFL Prep II 1. circulate 2. installation 3. expeditiously 4. detection 5. corrode TOEFL Success 1. d 2. a LESSON 8 Energy Target Words 1. combustion 2. component 3. onvey 4. discretely 5. nucleus 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. permeate rotate solar source trigger Definitions and Samples 1. combustion n. The process of burning When air quality is poor, combustion of materials in a fireplace is prohibited. Usage tips Combustion is often followed by of. Parts of speech combust v, combustible adj 2. component n. One part of a system or whole Their home theater system has a number of separate components. Usage tips Component is often followed or preceded by of. 3. convey v. To transport from one place to another; to transmit or make known A messenger conveyed the prince’s letter to the commander of the army. Copyright  © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. 38 Science The worst part about being a doctor was when she had to convey bad news to a family. Parts of speech conveyance n, conveyor n 4. discretely adv. Separately; distinctly In order to understand how the engine worked, each component needed to be studied discretely. Parts of speech discrete adj 5. nucleus n. A central or essential part around which other parts are gathered; a core The nucleus of many European cities is the town square. Usage tips Nucleus is often followed by of. Parts of speech nuclear adj 6. permeate v.To spread or flow throughout; to pass through or penetrate The smell of cooking permeated the entire apartment building. Parts of speech permeation n 7. rotate v. To turn around; to take turns in sequence The planet rotates on its axis once every 14 Earth days. The children rotate classroom responsibilities on a weekly basis. Parts of speech rotation n 8. solar adj. Of, or relating to, the sun The ancient society kept time with a solar calendar. 9. source n. The point of origin or creation The reporter was unable to identify the source of the information for his story. Parts of speech source v Energy 10. trigger v.To set off or initiate 39 I was certain any mention of politics would trigger a big argument. Parts of speech trigger n TOEFL Prep I Complete each sentence by filling in the blank with the best word from the list. Change the form of the word if necessary. Use each word only once. combustion convey permeate source trigger 1. It is often difficult to __________ the meaning of a poem to a large audience. 2. The __________ of the gossip was someone inside this office. 3. Her bad mood that day __________ the atmosphere in the laboratory. 4. The internal __________ engine revolutionized the way automobiles run. 5. A igarette __________ the explosion. TOEFL Prep II Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to each word in the left-hand column. Write the letter in the blank. 1. rotate 2. solar 3. component 4. discretely 5. nucleus (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) separately, as an individual part spin on an axis sun center part TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you have learned. Answer the questions that follow. Most of the electricity in the United States is produced in steam turbines. There are many discrete steps in this process. In a steam turbine, 40 Science combustion of coal, petroleum, or natural gas heats water to make steam.The steam rotates a shaft that is connected to a generator that produces electricity. Finally, that electricity is converted by a transformer and conveyed from the turbine to its place of use. Many sources can provide energy to heat the water in a steam turbine. Coal is primary, producing 51 percent of the country’s electricity. Another common way to heat water for steam turbines is through nuclear power. In nuclear fission, atoms of uranium fuel are hit by neutrons, triggering a continuous chain of fission that releases heat. In 2001, nuclear power generated 21 percent of the electricity in the United States.Solar power produces less than 1 percent of the United States’ electricity needs, because it is not Bonus Structure— regularly available and harnessing it is more expensive than In this context, still using fossil fuels. Dependence on electricity permeates daily means â€Å"even so; life in the United States. Still, few people are aware of the despite this. † many components of electricity production. 1. What does the author say about solar power? a. It produces more electricity than any other source. b. It is a relatively small source of energy for heating water in steam turbines. c. Electricity producers are rying to use it more regularly. d. Researchers are trying to make it cheaper to use. 2. In the passage, the word transformer probably refers to a a. b. c. d. truck generator that produces electricity type of turbine device that changes electric currents Lesson 8 Energy TOEFL Prep I 1. convey 2. source 3. permeated 4. combustion 5. triggered TOEFL Prep II 1. b 2. c 3. e 4. a 5. d TOEFL Success 1. b 2. d Mind and Body Copyright  © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. This page intentionally left blank. LESSON 9 Memory Target Words 1. acquisition 2. anomaly 3. consciously 4. egrade 5. gap 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. indisputable intervene intuitively recede retrieve Definitions and Samples 1. acquisition n. The act of taking possession of something Our recent acquisition of over 2,000 books makes ours the biggest library in the region. Usage tips Acquisition is often followed by of. Parts of speech acquire v 2. anomaly n. Something unusual White tigers get their beautiful coloring from a genetic anomaly. 3. consciously adv. With awareness of one’s actions He may have hurt her feelings, but he never would have done so consciously. Parts of speech consciousness n, conscious adjCopyright  © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. 44 Mind and Body 4. degrade v. To reduce in value or strength The roads in cold or wet areas of the United States degrade faster than those in warm, sunny regions. Parts of speech degradation n, degradable adj 5. gap n. Opening; a big difference in amount or quality The small gap between the walls in the old house caused cold drafts to come in. 6. indisputable adj. Beyond doubt; unquestionable The members of the jury found her guilty because they found the facts of the case indisputable. Parts of speech indisputably adv 7. intervene v.To come between A good mediator intervenes only as much as necessary to settle a dispute between other parties. Parts of speech intervention n 8. intuitively adv. By means of a natural sense about things that are hard to observe Many mothers know intuitively when something is wrong with their children. Parts of speech intuition n, intuitive adj 9. recede v. To move back or away from After the age of 30, his hairline began to recede further back from his forehead. Parts of speech recession n, recessive adj 10. retrieve v. To bring or get back Most dogs can be trained to retrieve objects that their owners have thrown.Parts of speech retriever n, retrievable adj Memory 45 TOEFL Prep I Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the opposite of each word in the left-hand column. Write the letter in the blank. 1. degrade 2. anomaly 3. recede 4. intervene 5. indisputable (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) stay out of a dispute improve questionable the norm come forward TOEFL Prep II Circle the word that best completes each sentence. 1. A huge (anomaly / gap) between the wealthy and the working class often leads to social unrest. 2. The new computers enable us to (intervene / retrieve) information more quickly. . Although she wasn’t qualified for the job, she (indisputably / intuitively) felt that she should apply. 4. When he joined the military, he did not expect the officers to (degrade / recede) him. 5. The art in the foyer was an important (acquisition / consciousness) for the museum. TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you have learned. Answer the question that follows. Like other functions of the human mind, perception and memory are imperfect. When we tell a story about something that we witnessed, we may intuitively believe that our recollection is accurate.However, several factors bias our memories of events. To study this anomaly, let us look at the three steps of memory creation: acquisition of memory, storing of memory, and retrieval. At every stage of memory formation, distortion can occur. At the first stage, acquisition of memory, events are perceived and bits of information are prepared for storage in the brain. However, it is impossible for us to remember every single thing we observe. Through processes that are both conscious and unconscious, people determine which details they will focus on. 46 Mind and BodyIn its second stage, storage, memories can become further distorted. Over time, our memories degrade, as we forget portions of events. To compensate, we may even creatively fill in the gap created by the recession of long-term memory. Additionally, an individual’s memory can be altered during the storage stage by intervening occurrences, which can be subconsciously combined with previously stored Bonus Structure— memories. Last but not least, we search our memory to locate In sum means â€Å"to information. During recall, emotion also seems to play a part summarize; to give in memory distortion. In sum, our memories may not be the a short version of indisputable source of information that we would like them what has been stated. † to be. An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the three answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. In each blank, write the letter of one of your choices. Memory provides an imperfect record of events. †¢ †¢ †¢ a. b. c. d. e. f. People purposefully present a slanted version of events. Memories can be altered at any point in memory creation. People naturally cannot recall everything they observe.Memories are an indisputable source of fact. Time and emotion contribute to memory degradation. Past occurrences often displace current memories. Lesson 9 Memory TOEFL Prep I 1. b 2. d 3. e 4. a 5. c TOEFL Prep II 1. gap 2. retrieve 3. intuitively 4. degrade 5. acquisition TOEFL Success b, c, e LESSON 10 Spirituality Target Words 1. agnostic 2. animism 3. atheist 4. be inclined to 5. contemplate 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. deify ecclesiastical exalt pious sacrifice Definitions and Samples 1. agnostic adj. Believing that humans cannot know whether there is a god His devoutly Christian parents had problems with his agnostic beliefs.Parts of speech agnostic n, agnosticism n 2. animism n. The belief that natural objects, such as trees, have souls Desert cultures that practice animism often believe that winds contain spirits. Parts of speech animistic adj 3. atheist n. One who does not believe in the existence of a supreme being He argued that his scientific training made it impossible for him to be anything but an atheist. Parts of speech atheistic adj Copyright  © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. 48 Mind and Body 4. be inclined to v.To favor an opinion or a course of action He couldn’t say which candidate he favored, but he had always been inclined to vote Republican. Parts of speech incline n, inclination n 5. contemplate v. To consider thoughtfully If you contemplate each step for so long, we will never complete this project on time. Parts of speech contemplation n, contemplative adj 6. deify v. To worship as a god When people deify the leader of their country, the leader is able to abuse power more easily. Parts of speech deity n 7. ecclesiastical adj. Relating to a church He was looking specifically for a university where he could study ecclesiastical history.Parts of speech ecclesiastic n, ecclesiastically adv 8. exalt v. To praise or honor He would often exalt the virtues of his new wife. Parts of speech exaltation n 9. pious adj. Having or exhibiting religious reverence Sometimes she was so pious that the rest of us felt like heathens. Parts of speech piousness n, piety n, piously adv 10. sacrifice v. Anything offered to a deity as a religious thanksgiving; giving up something in order to have something more valuable later on Every harvest time, the Fadeloni people sacrificed vegetables to their gods as a show of thanks. Spirituality 49In order to succeed in his career, he had to sacrifice his private life and his leisure time. Parts of speech sacrifice n, sacrificial adj, sacrificially adv TOEFL Prep I Complete each sentence by filling in the blank with the best word or phrase from the list. Change the form of the word if necessary. Use each word or phrase only once. be inclined to contemplate deify exalted sacrifice 1. Traditionally, the Camerian society __________ its leaders, considering them to be sent from the land of the gods. 2. To do well in his university courses, he had to __________ a lot of his personal time. 3.The generation of American leaders known as â€Å"the Founders† are __________ by many scholars for their wisdom and courage. 4. She knew she would always __________ agree with what her mother said, so she struggled to remain unbiased. 5. The human resources department __________ whether they should let Mary go. TOEFL Prep II Circle the likely meaning of the word part that is shared within each set of words. 1. animism, animal, animation The root anima probably means a. b. c. d. color death many life 50 Mind and Body 2. atheistic, amoral, apathetic The prefix a probably means a. b. c. d. not loving excessive surelyTOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you have learned. Answer the questions that follow. In Russia, several religions coexist, including Christianity, Judaism, Islam, and animism. The most common religion is Christianity, and most Christians are members of the Russian Orthodox Church. The Church has existed for over 1,000 years, surviving even the official atheism of the Soviet era and the agnosticism that may have been even more prominent at the time. During the communist years, many Russians who practiced Orthodoxy sacrificed career and educational opportunities.The tenacity of Russian Orthodoxy may explain why even nonreligious Russians are inclined to call themselves Russian Orthodox. That same staying power drives the Church today, which is run by Aleksey II of Moscow. Born Aleksey Mikhailovich Ridiger, the future patriarch was from a very pious family. As a boy, Aleksey was often taken by his parents on their annual pilgrimages, when he most certainly began contemplation of Bonus Structure— the religious way of life he was to choose. As patriarch, Aleksey Here As patriarch is exalted in the Church governance, but he is not deified. means â€Å"while Aleksey has published articles on Church history and orking in the peacemaking in both the ecclesiastical and secular press, position of church leader. † broadening the Church’s image both in Russia and abroad. 1. Which sentence best expresses the essential information of this passage? a. b. c. d. The Russian Orthodox Church was banned under Soviet control. Few Russians believe in a god. Aleksey II has updated the church’s image. The Russian Orthodox Church has a long history of strong membership in Russia. Spirituality 2. According to the passage, Aleksey II of Moscow is a. b. c. d. a god a high church official a secular leader an atheist 51Lesson 10 Spirituality TOEFL Prep I 1. deifies 2. sacrifice 3. exalted 4. be inclined to 5. contemplated TOEFL Prep II 1. d 2. a TOEFL Success 1. d 2. b LESSON 11 Illness Target Words 1. aggravate 2. decrepit 3. disease 4. fatally 5. forensics 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. persist prognosis terminal vein wound Definitions and Samples 1. aggravate v. To make worse; to anger or intensify Running will aggravate your sore knees. Parts of speech aggravation n 2. decrepit adj. Weakened or worn out because of age, illness, or excessive use The once-beautiful building was now dirty, decrepit, and roofless. 3. disease n.An unhealthful condition caused by an infection or a longterm physical problem Thanks to developments in medicine, many once-fatal diseases can now be cured. 4. fatally adv. Causing death or disaster The soldier was fatally wounded in the battle. Parts of speech fatality n, fatal adj Copyright  © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. Illness 53 5. forensics n. The use of science and technology to investigate facts in criminal cases Advances in the study of forensics have made it much easier to identify criminals from very small traces of evidence. Parts of speech forensic adj 6. persist v.To continue to exist; to hold to a purpose, despite any obstacle If your symptoms persist, you should go see a doctor. Lola persisted in her efforts to become a lawyer. Parts of speech persistence n, persistent adj 7. prognosis n. An educated guess of how something will develop, especially a disease The room fell silent when the doctor gave Senator Grebe a grim prognosis of months of treatment. 8. terminal adj. Located at an end; approaching death The cancer ward at the hospital held both terminal and recovering patients. Parts of speech terminate v, terminally adv 9. vein n. Any of the tubes that form a branching system, especially those hat carry blood to the heart She became fascinated with human anatomy, especially when she learned how veins transport oxygen. 10. wound v. To inflict an injury on Sometimes he didn’t realize his sharp humor could wound as well as entertain. Parts of speech wound n TOEFL Prep I Choose the word from the list that is closest in meaning to the underlined part of each sentence. Write it in the blank. disease fatal persist prognosis wound 54 Mind and Body 1. He sustained a serious injury in the war, so he was sent home immediately. 2. Her sickness was so rare, doctors weren’t certain how to treat it. . His motto was to keep trying, no matter what happened. 4. The medical staff could not know for sure whether the treatment would work, but they made a confident prediction that the patient would recover. 5. The airplane crash was tragic, killing many people immediately and inflicting injuries on others that would eventually prove deadly. TOEFL Prep II Next to each definition, write the word that most closely fits it. aggravate decrepit forensics terminal vein 1. the science involved in solving crimes 2. a vessel for carrying blood 3. to make worse 4. unable to be cured 5. in very bad conditionTOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you have learned. Answer the questions that follow. The man was decrepit. With high blood pressure, cancer, and liver disease, he aggravated his situation by smoking. His prognosis was death. His advanced lung cancer was terminal, and his family members knew that he would pass away soon. So no one was surprised to find him dead on that sharp winter Thursday, no one, that is, except one sharp-eyed detective, Illness 55 who noticed the bedroom window ajar on the morning of the old man’s death. Would a fatally ill person be likely to sleep with the window open on a freezing cold night?This question occupied forensic specialists from the medical examiner’s office. There, an autopsy revealed an unlikely wound on the victim’s thigh. Such a wound could easily have been inflicted by someone administering medicine . . . or poison. From there, the poison could travel through the veins, shutting down vital organs and causing death within seconds. Indeed, the death turned out to be murder in the first Bonus Structure— degree. Criminal investigators persisted in their questioning Indeed indicates of friends and family, only later finding the motive: money. that an idea in an earlier paragraph Two distant relatives who stood How to cite Toefl, Papers